Biomarker & Diagnostics

History of diagnostics, Age of molecular diagnostics, Significance, Scope, Rise of diagnostic industry in Indian and global scenario, Cellular Complexity: Cell components, Cell Differentiation, Cellular communication – endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling and autocrine signaling, contact dependent and synaptic communications, Intracellular networks – transport pathways, signaling pathways and metabolic networks. Eukaryotic Cell Control System and their Components, Intracellular cell cycle control system, Extracellular Cell Cycle Control System, Regulation of Cell Growth and Apoptosis, Genetic and epigenetic factors that regulate these pathways, their abnormalities that alter the pathways and cellular functions.

Cancer – Benign and Malignant neoplasms, multifactorial disposition, Cancer pathogenesis, positive and negative mediators of neoplastic development, Proto-oncogenes, Oncogenes and Tumor suppressors. Allele loss and loss of Heterozygosity. Mitochondrial inheritance, Mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis, MELAS, LHONs, identity testing

FDA definition of disease markers, Role of markers in Disease diagnosis. Approaches and methods in the identification of disease markers, predictive value, diagnostic value, emerging blood markers for sepsis, tumor & cancer markers, markers in inflammation and diagnosis of cytoskeletal disorders

Structure, types and organization; Chromosome organization, Euchromatin and heterochromatin and Histone modifications. Chromosome banding and nomenclature; Nomenclature and functional significances of chromosome bands. GC and AT rich isochores. Structural and Numerical aberrations and its consequences. X-chromosome dosage compensation and inactivation mechanism. Sex determination and Y chromosome; function, and diseases. Uniparentaldisomy, Genomic Imprinting and disorders. FISH, CGH, Flow cytometry techniques and clinical diagnostics.

Common fragile sites and methods of induction, Heritable fragile sites and FXS. Genomic Instability, mechanism and diseases. Trinucleotide Repeats; Mechanism of expansion and triplet repeats and related disorders. Genetic linkage maps, Relation to the probability of recombination, Pedigree analysis with genetic markers and overview of human genome project B.Tech. (Biotechnology) 3rd Year Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow