Bio-Instrumentation

Classification, selection of transducers, circuit based on transduction. Temperature transducers – Displacement transducer - Pressure transducer - catheter tip transducers. Photoelectric transducers - Flow transducers - Piezoelectric transducers and their applications, Biological receptors and receptor characteristics.

The PO2 electrodes, Membrane electrodes, Blood gas analysis, Transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 transducers, Fiber optic chemical transducer, Ion specific electrodes, Ionic content of blood, ISFET for glucose, urea.

Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electroretinogram (ERG), Recording Electrodes – Electrod tissue interface, polarization, skin contact impedance, motion artifacts, Silver-Silve Chloride electrodes, Electrodes for ECG, Electrodes for EEG, Electrodes of EMG Electrical conductivity of electrode jellies and creams, microelectrodes, Needle electrodes.

Principle of dialysis, Artificial kidney, Types, function and working of dialysis, Performance analysis of dialysis, Membranes used for haemodialysis, Block diagram and working of haemodialysis machine, Portable kidney machine – working and flow diagram.

Physiological effects of electrical currents, macroshock and microshock, preventive measures to reduce shock hazards, Leakage current, isolation of patient circuits, safety of electrically susceptible patients, radiation hazards and safety, shielding, open ground problem and earthing methods.