Power System - I

Introduction: Basic structure of power system, sources of electric energy: conventional and non- conventional; Layout of Hydro-electric, Thermal and Nuclear power plants, Concept of cogeneration, combined heat and power, and captive power plants, SPV generation at household level. Basic Structure of Smart Grid, Communication and IT components in power system. Load curve, load duration curve, Concept of Connected Load, Maximum Demand, Average load, Demand Factor, Load factor, Diversity Factor, Capacity Factor, Utilization factor, Plant use factor, Installed capacity, Reserves, role of load diversity in power system economy. Load Sharing between Base load and Peak Load

Single line diagram of Power system, choice of transmission voltage, One-line diagram, Impedance and reactance diagram, per unit system changing the base of per unit quantities, advantages of per unit system Different kinds of supply system and their comparison. Configurations of transmission lines: Types of conductors, Bundled Conductors, resistance of line, skin effect, Kelvin’s law, Proximity effect, Corona Effect, factors affecting the Corona, Corona Power Loss, Advantages and Disadvantages. Performance of Lines: Representation of lines, short transmission lines, medium length lines, nominal T and ᴫ-representations, long transmission lines. The equivalent circuit representation of a long Line, A, B, C, D constants, Ferranti Effect.

Mechanical Design of Over Headlines: Catenary curve, calculation of sag & tension, effects of wind and ice loading, sag template, vibration dampers Overhead line Insulators: Type of insulators and their applications, potential distribution over a string of insulators, methods of equalizing the potential, string efficiency

Inductance and Capacitance Calculations of Transmission Lines: Line conductors, inductance and capacitance of single phase and three phase lines with symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing, Composite conductors-transposition, bundled conductors, and effect of earth on capacitance.

Insulated Cables: Introduction, insulation, insulating materials, Extra high voltage cables, grading of cables, insulation resistance of a cable, Capacitance of a single core and three core cables, Overhead lines versus underground cables, types of cables