Optical Communication

Optical Spectral Band with Operating Windows, General Communication System, Optical Communication System with its advantages. Optical Fiber Waveguides: Ray Theory of Transmission with TIR, Acceptance Angle, Numerical Aperture and Skew Rays, Electromagnetic Mode Theory for Optical Propagation, Modes in a Planar Guide, Phase and Group Velocity, Phase Shift with Total Internal Reflection, Evanescent Field, Goos-Haenchen Shift, Cylindrical Fiber Modes, Mode Coupling, Step Index fibers Vs Graded Index fibers, Single Mode Fibers- Cut off wavelength, MFD & Spot Size.

Attenuation, Material Absorption Losses (Intrinsic and Extrinsic absorption), types of Linear and Non-Linear Scattering Losses, Fiber Bending Losses, Kerr Effect. Dispersion: Introduction with its types: Chromatic / Intramodal Dispersion (Material and Waveguide Dispersion), Intermodal dispersion (for MSI and MGI fibers), Overall (Total) Fiber Dispersion in Multimode and Singe Mode Fiber, Dispersion Modified Single Mode Fibers, Polarization & Fiber Birefringence.

LEDs-Introduction to LEDs & Materials used for fabrication, LED Power and Efficiency, LED Structures, LED Characteristics, Modulation Bandwidth. Laser Diodes-Introduction, Optical Feedback & Laser Oscillations, Resonant Frequencies, Laser Modes, and Threshold Condition for Laser Oscillation, Laser Diode Rate Equations, Semiconductor injection Laser- Efficiency, Laser Single Mode operation, Reliability of LED & ILD.

Source to Fiber Power Launching and Coupling Techniques, Power Launching Vs Wavelength, Equilibrium Numerical Aperture. Photo Detectors: Introduction, Physical Principles of Photodiodes: The PIN Photo Detector, Avalanche Photodiodes, Temperature Effect on Avalanche Gain, Detector Response Time, Photo Detector Noise: Noise Sources, Signal to Noise Ratio, Comparison of Photo Detectors, Fundamental Receiver Operation with Digital Signal Transmission.

Probability of Error / BER, Receiver Sensitivity & The Quantum Limit, Error Control Techniques, Eye Diagram Pattern Features, Coherent Detection: Homodyne Detection and Heterodyne Detection, Digital links: Point to Point Links, Power Penalties, Multichannel & Multiplexing Transmission Techniques, basic concept of Free Space Optics (FSO) based Communication System.