Techniques in Biotechnology

Light microscopy, Bright & Dark Field microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy, Phase Contrast microscopy, Electron microscopy: TEM and SEM, Atomic force microscopy and con focal scanning laser microscopy. Differential interference contrast microscopy.

Principle and Operations of Chromatography, Thin layer chromatography, Ion Exchange Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC), Gel Filtration Chromatography, Affinity Chromatography.

Electromagnetic radiation and spectrum,Atomic absorption and Atomic emission spectroscopy,Principle, working and applications of UV-VIS, NMR, ESR and IR spectrometer, Principle and applications of Mass Spectroscopy, Circular Dichorism (CD) principles, Principle and applications of Positron Emission Tomography(PET), Basics of X-Ray diffraction analysis and their application in biotechnology .

Theory of Electrophoresis, Factors affecting the migration of substances Gel electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, Agarose Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acid, Isoelectric Focusing of Protein Pulse Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blotting. Theory of centrifugation and sedimentation. Types of centrifuges, Preparative and analytical centrifugation; Density gradient centrifugation. Application of centrifugation for preparative and analytical purpose.

Principles of 3-D printing, 3-D Bioprinting of tissues, organs and bacteria.Ideal material properties for bioprinting, Biosensors: Principles and definition, characteristics of Ideal biosensors, Biochemical components of biosensors, Bioaffinity systems, Immunosensors. Principle and working of Flow Cytometry and cell sorter.