Air Navigation

• The Problems of Air Navigation Aids of Navigation VOR, ADF, ILS, GCA, TACAN, Doppler and basics of inertial navigation: their limitations and uses, Weather, Air Traffic Control Communication.
• Chart Projection for Air Navigation The Round Earth on a Flat Chart, Properties obtainable in Projection, Distance on a Sphere, Direction on a Sphere, The Lambert Projection, The Mercator Projection, The Gnomonic Projection, Stereographic Projection, and Projections for Weather Charts.

• Magnetism Elementary laws of magnetism, Terrestrial magnetism, Horizontal and vertical components of earth's magnetic field and their variation with latitude Isogonics and agonic lines, Isoclinic lines. Aircraft Magnetism, Resolution into P.Q. and R components, compass course deviation.
• Instruments Units of measurement of distances and height, The function of navigational Instruments, Speed Indicator, Rate of Climb indicator, Altimeter, Magnetic Compass, Turn and Bank Indicator, The Directional Gyro, The Artificial Horizon, Radio, Radar Altimeter, Mach meter& Fluxgate Compass.

• Chart Reading Distinctive Properties of Charts, The importance of chart reading, Topographic Information Aeronautical Data, Legend and written Notes, The practice of Chart Reading.
• Dead Reckoning The place of Pilot age, Advantage of Dead Reckoning, Basic Problems in Dead Reckoning.
• Special Problems & Dead Reckoning Climb and Descent, off course corrections, Double Drift, Radius of Action, Cruise Control, Alternate Airport Problem, Interception, Tracking.

Radio Navigation Principles of radio transmission and reception, properties of electromagnetic waves, classification of frequency bands, elementary knowledge of Radar. Radio and radar aids and systems: Airborne D/F The manual loop and automatic radio compass including methods of calibration Ground D/F M.F., H.F. and V.H.F. Systems. Radio/Radar track guides approach and landing aids and systems including V.O.R., N.D.B. and I.L.S. Plotting Radio Bearings on Mercator Charts.

Celestial Navigation Elements of Astronomy, the universe, Solar system, movements of earth, moon and planets, earth's orbit, Kepler’s laws, declination, altitude, azimuth etc, Practical Value, Accuracy, Simplicity, Basic principles, The Line of position, Celestial Coordinates, Determining the Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA) Determining the Local Hour Angle (LHA), Radio Time Signals, Identification of Stars, Star Names, Brightness of Star, the planets, Motion of the Stars and Planets. The Practice of Celestial Navigation, Astro-Navigation instruments.